Analysis of Passenger Waiting Time at Basko Air Tawar Bus Stop Using Queueing Theory and Arena-Based System Simulation

Abstract

Public transportation systems play a crucial role in supporting urban mobility, particularly in densely populated cities where traffic congestion and travel efficiency remain persistent challenges. One of the most critical indicators of service quality in bus-based public transportation is passenger waiting time at bus stops, especially during peak hours. Prolonged waiting times may reduce passenger satisfaction and discourage the use of public transport. This study aims to analyze passenger waiting time at the Basko Air Tawar Bus Stop of the Trans Padang Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system during the morning peak period by applying queueing theory and discrete-event system simulation using Arena software. The research adopts a quantitative empirical approach, with primary data collected through direct field observation conducted from 07:00 to 09:00 a.m. A total of 100 passengers served by 11 bus arrivals were observed, and data on passenger arrival times, bus arrival intervals, and individual waiting times were recorded. The service system was modeled as a single-channel single-phase queue with a first-come-first-served discipline. Simulation results indicate that passenger waiting times range from 0 to 11.47 minutes, with significant variation driven primarily by bus arrival intervals rather than service capacity. Passengers arriving earlier within a bus arrival cycle experienced substantially longer waiting times compared to those arriving closer to bus arrival times. The findings demonstrate that irregular bus headways are the dominant factor affecting system performance. This study provides practical insights for transportation operators by highlighting the importance of optimizing bus schedules and arrival frequencies to reduce passenger waiting time and improve overall service quality in urban BRT systems